The Recording  (Big.Bang.Theory)

In this part is a small is indicated on an audio which I had to record and try to imitate the English -speaking American television big bang theory series.

Intonation is a language universal. There are no languages which are spoken without any change of prosodic parameters but intonation functions in various languages in a different way.are two main approaches to the problem of intonation in Great Britain. One is known as a contour analysis and the other may be called grammatical.first is represented by a large group of phoneticians: H. Sweet, D. Jones, G. Palmer, L. Armstrong, I. Ward, R. Kingdon, J. O'Connor, A. Gimson and others. It is traditional and widely used. According to this approach the smallest unit to which linguistic meaning can be attached is a tone-group (sense-group). Their theory is based on the assumption that intonation consists of basic functional "blocks". They pay much attention to these "blocks" but not to the way they are connected. Intonation is treated by them as a layer that is superimposed on the lexico-grammatical structure.

Us consider the components of intonation.the pitch component we may consider the distinct variations in the direction of pitch, pitch level and pitch range.to R. Kingdon the most important nuclear tones in English are: Low Fall, High Fall, Low Rise, High Rise, and Fall-Rise. (see Appendix 1)meanings of the nuclear tones are difficult to specify in general terms. Roughly speaking the falling tone of any level and range expresses certainty, completeness, and independence. A rising tone on the contrary expresses uncertainty, incompleteness or dependence. A falling-rising tone may combine the falling tone's meaning of assertion, certainty with the rising tone's meaning of dependence, incompleteness. At the end of a phrase it often conveys a feeling of reservation; that is, it asserts something and at the same time suggests that there is something else to be said. At the beginning or in the middle of a phrase it is a more forceful alternative to the rising tone, expressing the assertion of one point, together with the implication that another point is to follow. The falling-rising tone, as its name suggests, consists of a fall in pitch followed by a rise. If the nucleus is the last syllable of the intonation group the fall and rise both take place on one syllable. 

Rhythm (suprasegmental stress patterns) (time)

 The relationship between stressed and unstressed syllables

 Patterns of combination of stressed and unstressed syllables

 The liaison or other phonological structures (assimilation,

 deletion, etc.)

 Intonation (suprasegmental melody) (time + space)

 Pitch contours; break indexes (time)

 The intonation units; the pitch accent (time + space)

 Declination (suprasegmental melody) (time + space)

 Declination of statements (time + space)

 Down-step slopes (time + space)

Suprasegmentals:

Suprasegmental, also called Prosodic Feature,  in phonetics, a speech feature such as stress, tone, or word juncture that accompanies or is added over consonants and vowels; these features are not limited to single sounds but often extend over syllables, words, or phrases. In Spanish the stress accent is often used to distinguish between otherwise identical words: término means “term,” termíno means “I terminate,” and terminó means “he terminated.”

Correct intonation and stress are the key to speaking English fluently with good pronunciation. Intonation and stress refers to the music of the English language. Words that are stressed are key to understanding and using the correct intonation brings out the meaning. After students have learned basic consonant and vowel sounds, they should move on to learning to difference between individual sounds by using minimal pairs.

Once they are comfortable with individual words, they should move on to intonation and stress exercises such as sentence markup. Finally, students can take the next step by choosing a focus word to help further improve their pronunciation.

Steps to keep in mind when we talk about do it the correct way

Speech: When the time comes to speak on speech, the relative Highness or lowness of tone (sonority) perceived by the ear, which depends on the number of vibrations per second produced by the vocal cords. It is the main acoustic correlate of tone and intonation.

But, in Linguistics, a change in the tone of the voice while speaking. The tone of the word is generally applied to languages (languages of ringtone) in serving as way to help distinguish the words and grammar categories-i.e., that tone features serve to distinguish one word from another word which otherwise is identical in its sequence of consonants and vowels and using tone can change the intonation as in Phonetics the melodic pattern of a statement, the intonation is largely a matter of variation in the tone of the voice level, but in such languages as English, stress and rhythm are also involved. Intonation transmittals differences of expressive meaning (for example, surprise, anger, tiredness) emotions.

In many languages, including English, intonation is a grammatical function, distinguishing a sentence or phrase from another type. Therefore, "his name is John," beginning with a tone middle and ending with a lower one (falling intonation), is a simple statement; "His name is John?" with a rising intonation, means that sound accompanies in acoustics, the sound quality that determines the intensity of auditory sensation produced by the intensity of the sound perceived by the human ear that approximately proportional to the logarithm of the intensity of the sound.

Suprasegmental: (or form in letters and consonants are assembled it to love words and phrases), a feature of speech such as stress, tone, or circumstances of the Word who accompanies or is added on the consonants and vowels; These features are not limited to only sounds but often extend into syllables, words or phrases. We often use time without voice or voice (TIV) start time, or you have to do in the words that you produce when you talk with the people. It is a feature of the production of stop consonants. It is defined as the length of time between the release of a stop consonant and the beginning of loudness, the vibration of the vocal cords, or, according to other authors, periodicity.

In thiswork we can find a song that has aapects of speech, assimilarion, elision and help your in your listening.

This is Halloween!!!!

Boys and girls of every age
wouldn’t you like to see something strange?

Come with us and you will see
This our town of Halloween

This is Halloween, this is Halloween
Pumpkins scream in the dead of night

This is Halloween, everybody make a scene
Trick or treat till the neighbors gonna die of fright
It's our town, everybody scream
In this town of Halloween

I am the one hiding under your bed
Teeth ground sharp and eyes glowing red

I am the one hiding under your stairs
Fingers like snakes and spiders in my hair

This is Halloween, this is Halloween, Halloween! Halloween! Halloween! Halloween!

In this town we call home
everyone hail to the pumpkin song

in this town, don't we love it now?
Everybody's waiting for the next surprise

Round that corner, man hiding in the trash can
something’s waiting now to pounce, and how you'll scream!

This is Halloween
Red 'n' black, slimy green
Aren't you scared?
Well, that's just fine

Say it once, say it twice
Take a chance and roll the dice
Ride with the moon in the dead of night

Everybody scream, everybody scream

In our town of Halloween

I am the clown with the tear-away face
Here in a flash and gone without a trace

I am the "who" when you call, "Who's there?"
I am the wind blowing through your hair

I am the shadow on the moon at night
Filling your dreams to the brim with fright

This is Halloween, this is Halloween
Halloween! Halloween! Halloween! Halloween!
Halloween! Halloween!

Tender lumplings everywhere
Life's no fun without a good scare

that’s our job, but we're not mean
In our town of Halloween

In this town
Don't we love it now?

Everybody's waiting for the next surprise
Skeleton Jack might catch you in the back
And scream like a banshee
Make you jump out of your skin
This is Halloween, everybody scream
Won't ya please make way for a very special guy

Our man jack is King of the Pumpkin patch
Everyone hail to the Pumpkin King, now!

This is Halloween, this is Halloween
Halloween! Halloween! Halloween! Halloween!

In this town we call home
everyone hail to the pumpkin song

Linking of vowel to vowel:

Say - it

Love - it

Life - is

Everybody – is

 Who – is

This - is

Linking of consonant to vowel (resyllabification):

With - Us

Jump - Out

Scream - In

This - Our

It’s - Our

That’s - Our

Tear - Away

Linking of consonant to consonant (gemination):

Pumpkins - scream

Pumpkin – king

Tear – Away

Boys – and

Jack – is

Your skin

Elision of vowels:

Unstressed vowel following stressed syllable (syncope)

Every

Everywhere

There

Hail

Everyone

Everybody

Strange

Something

Surprise

Pumpkin

Loss of unstressed initial/vowel or syllable (aphesis)

Until -> til

Elision of consonants:

Loss of /t/ and /d/

Scared

Wind

Aren’t

Loss of plosive in a cluster of three consonants

Round - That

Simplification of consonants clusters

Twice

Once

Through

Progressive assimilation:

We’re

Wouldn´t

Won’t ya

It’s

Everybody’s

You’ll

Red ‘ n ‘ Black

Dead

Ground

Spiders

Snakes

Fingers

Eyes

Stairs

Neighbors

Regressive assimilation:

Palatalization:

Don’t  you

That's just

Minimal Pairs:

In phonetics, two words that differ in only one sound (a phoneme), such as hit and hid.

·      A minimal pair is a pair of words that differ in a single phoneme. Minimal pairs are often used to show that two sounds contrast in a language. For example, we can demonstrate that [s] and [z] contrast in English by adducing minimal pairs such as sip and zip, or bus and buzz. Since the only difference in these words is the [s] vs. [z], we conclude that they belong to distinct phonemes. However, a similar test would show that [a:j] and [Aj] are distinct phonemes in English, since writer and rider appear to be minimal pairs distinguished in their second elements, not their fourth."

(James Alasdair McGilvray, The Cambridge Companion to Chomsky. Cambridge University Press, 2005)

Diphthong:

Diphthong,  in phonetics, a gliding vowel in the articulation of which there is a continuous transition from one position to another. Diphthongs are to be contrasted in this respect with so-called pure vowels—i.e., unchanging, or steady state, vowels. Though they are single speech sounds, diphthongs are usually represented, in a phonetic transcription of speech, by means of a pair of characters indicating the initial and final configurations of the vocal tract. Many of the vowel sounds in most dialects of English are diphthongs: e.g., the vowels of “out” and “ice,” represented as [au] and [ai], respectively.

TRIPHTHONGS:

• A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and the to a third, all produced rapidly and without interruption. For example, a careful pronunciation of the word ‘hour’ begins with a vowel quality similar to ‘ɑ:’, goes on to ‘ʊ’ then ends in ‘ə’.

• It says /aʊə/

• Triphthong : 5 closing diphthongs with ‘ə’ added on the end.

- eɪ + ə = eɪə . as in layer, player

- aɪ + ə = aɪə. as in lire, fire

- ɔɪ + ə = ɔɪə, as in loyal, royal

- əʊ + ə = əuə, as in lower, mower

- aʊ + ə = auə, as in power, hour.

   Sounds of vowels:

A vowel is a letter of the alphabet (a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y) that represents a speech sound created by the relatively free passage of breath through the larynx and oral cavity. Letters that are not vowels are consonants.

As pointed out below, spoken English has approximately 20 distinct vowel sounds, though there are dialectal variations.

                                                                                 

A dialect is a regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, and/or vocabulary. 

Adjective: dialectal.

The term dialect is often used to characterize a way of speaking that differs from the standard variety of the language. 

Consonants:

A consonant is a speech sound that's not a vowel. The sound of a consonant is produced by a partial or complete obstruction of the air stream by a constriction of the speech organs.
In writing, a consonant is any letter of the alphabet except a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y.